Python A–Z

Python Introduction — Why Python?

Installing Python, pip & Virtual Environments

Syntax, Variables & Dynamic Typing

Numbers, Strings & f-strings

Type Conversion & Reading Input

Operators, Comparisons & Short-Circuiting

Conditionals — if/elif/else & match

Loops — for, while, range, enumerate & zip

break, continue & the loop-else

Functions — def, Return Values & Default Arguments

*args, **kwargs & Argument Unpacking

Scope, LEGB Rule & Closures

Lambda, map, filter & sorted key functions

Lists — Python's Workhorse

Tuples — Immutable Sequences & Unpacking

Dictionaries — Hash Maps Done Right

Sets — Uniqueness & O(1) Membership

Comprehensions — Lists, Dicts, Sets & Generator Expressions

Mutability, Shallow Copy & Deep Copy

Classes, __init__ & self

Inheritance, super() & the MRO

Dunder Methods — __str__, __eq__, __len__ & Operator Overloading

Encapsulation — @property, Underscore Conventions & Name Mangling

Dataclasses — Boilerplate-Free Data Objects

Duck Typing, ABCs & Protocols

Exceptions — try/except/else/finally

Raising, Custom Exceptions & Chaining

Files & the with Statement

JSON, CSV & pathlib

The Iteration Protocol — iter() & next()

Generators — yield & Lazy Pipelines

Decorators — Wrapping Functions with Functions

Context Managers — with, __enter__/__exit__ & contextlib

Type Hints — Optional, Union, Generics & mypy

Modern Idioms — Walrus, Unpacking, Enumerate Patterns & EAFP

Strings Deep-Dive — Methods, Formatting & Unicode

collections — Counter, defaultdict & deque

itertools & functools — lru_cache, product, groupby & reduce

datetime — Dates, Timezones & Durations

Regular Expressions — the re Module

Logging — Beyond print()

requests & httpx — Calling APIs

Pydantic — Data Validation from Type Hints

SQLAlchemy — Python's Database Toolkit

pytest — Testing Like a Professional

NumPy Essentials — Arrays & Vectorization

pandas Essentials — DataFrames for Real Data

The GIL — Why Python Threads Don't Run in Parallel

threading — Concurrency for I/O-Bound Work

multiprocessing — True Parallelism for CPU-Bound Work

asyncio — async/await and the Event Loop

Virtual Environments & pip — Isolating Every Project

Packaging with pyproject.toml — From Script to Installable Package

Memory Model — Names, References, refcount & GC

Profiling & Optimization — Measure Before You Tune

Bytecode & How CPython Runs Your Code