Razorpay Interview Questions

#1Explain the SOLID principles.

#2How does HashMap work internally?

#3What is the difference between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap?

#4Explain Java Memory Model: Heap, Stack, and Metaspace.

#5What is the volatile keyword in Java?

#6What is the difference between synchronized and ReentrantLock?

#7What is a deadlock and how do you prevent it?

#8Explain the Stream API and intermediate vs terminal operations.

#9What is garbage collection? How does G1 differ from ZGC?

#10What is the Java ClassLoader hierarchy?

#11What are Java records (Java 16+)?

#12What is the Executor framework and when would you use it over raw Threads?

#13What is the difference between composition and inheritance?

#14What is a marker interface? Give examples.

#15What are the design patterns most commonly asked in Java interviews?

#16How do you implement a Singleton in Java correctly?

#17What is the contract between equals() and hashCode()?

#18What is the difference between fail-fast and fail-safe iterators?

#19What is CopyOnWriteArrayList and when should you use it?

#20How does PriorityQueue work and when would you use it?

#21What is the happens-before relationship in Java Memory Model?

#22What is the difference between sleep(), wait(), and yield()?

#23What are atomic classes (AtomicInteger, AtomicReference)? How do they work?

#24What is a CountDownLatch vs CyclicBarrier?

#25What is a ThreadLocal and what are its dangers?

#26What is a CompletableFuture and how does it improve async programming?

#27What are virtual threads (Project Loom, Java 21)?

#28How does the JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler work?

#29What is the difference between minor GC, major GC, and full GC?

#30What tools do you use to diagnose JVM memory issues?

#31What is the String pool and how does string interning work?

#32What is type erasure in Java generics?

#33What is the difference between <? extends T> and <? super T>?

#34What are sealed classes (Java 17)?

#35What is pattern matching for instanceof (Java 16)?

#36What is the difference between map() and flatMap() in streams?

#37What is the difference between Comparable and Comparator?

#38What is Stream.collect() and what are common Collectors?

#39What is try-with-resources and how does it work?

#40What is exception chaining and why is it important?

#41What is the difference between Java IO and NIO?

#42What is Java Serialization and what are its pitfalls?

#43What is reflection in Java and when is it used?

#44What is the difference between deep copy and shallow copy?

#45What is autoboxing and unboxing? What are the performance implications?

#46What are enums in Java and what advanced features do they support?

#47What is the difference between static and instance initializer blocks?

#48What are Java modules (Java 9 — JPMS)?

#49What is the difference between an inner class, static nested class, and anonymous class?

#50What are the new switch expressions (Java 14)?

#51What is the difference between Runnable, Callable, and Future?

#52How do you handle NullPointerException in Java?

#53What is the difference between Deque and Queue?

#54What is a WeakHashMap and when would you use it?

#55What is the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions — best practices for APIs?

#56What is the difference between interface default methods and abstract class methods?

#57What are the best practices for writing clean Java code?

#58What is a race condition and how do you prevent it?

#59What is the difference between HashMap.computeIfAbsent() and getOrDefault()?

#60What is the purpose of the transient keyword?

#61What is method hiding in Java?

#62What are the Java 8 Date/Time APIs and why were they introduced?

#63What is the difference between HashMap.put() and HashMap.putIfAbsent()?

#64What is an immutable class and how do you create one?

#65What is the covariant return type in Java?

#66What is the difference between Predicate.and(), Predicate.or(), and Predicate.negate()?

#67What is the Observer pattern and how is it implemented in Java?

#68What is the Strategy pattern in Java?

#69What is String.intern() and when should you use it?

#70What are the key differences between Java 8, 11, 17, and 21?

#71What is auto-configuration in Spring Boot?

#72Explain @Transactional and its propagation levels.

#73How does Spring Boot handle exceptions globally?

#74What is the difference between @Bean and @Component?

#75Explain Spring Bean scopes.

#76What is Spring AOP and where is it used?

#77What is circular dependency and how do you fix it?

#78How does Spring Security authentication work?

#79What is @Async in Spring Boot and how does it work?

#80What is Spring Data JPA and how does it simplify data access?

#81How does Spring Boot externalized configuration work?

#82What is Spring Cache Abstraction and how do you use it?

#83How do you write integration tests in Spring Boot?

#84What is the Spring ApplicationContext and how does it differ from BeanFactory?

#85What is a BeanPostProcessor and when would you use it?

#86What is the @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy lifecycle?

#87What is @Qualifier and when do you need it?

#88How does Spring Boot auto-configuration work under the hood?

#89What is @ConfigurationProperties and how does it differ from @Value?

#90What is Spring Boot's embedded server and how do you switch from Tomcat to Undertow?

#91What is Spring's @EventListener and ApplicationEvent?

#92What is @Conditional and how do you create custom conditions?

#93How do you implement request validation in Spring Boot?

#94What is ResponseEntity and when should you use it?

#95What is content negotiation in Spring MVC?

#96How do you implement pagination and sorting in Spring Boot?

#97What is HATEOAS and does Spring Boot support it?

#98How do you version a REST API in Spring Boot?

#99What is the difference between findById() and getById() in Spring Data JPA?

#100What are JPA entity states (Transient, Managed, Detached, Removed)?

#101What is the difference between @OneToMany with fetch LAZY vs EAGER?

#102What is Hibernate first-level cache and second-level cache?

#103What is the Open Session in View (OSIV) pattern and why is it controversial?

#104What is a Spring Data JPA Specification and when would you use it?

#105What is CSRF and how does Spring Security handle it?

#106How do you implement JWT authentication in Spring Boot?

#107What is the difference between @Secured, @PreAuthorize, and @RolesAllowed?

#108What is CORS and how do you configure it in Spring Boot?

#109What is OAuth2 and how does Spring Security support it?

#110What is MockMvc and how do you use it?

#111What is @MockBean vs @Mock in Spring Boot tests?

#112What is @DataJpaTest and how does it differ from @SpringBootTest?

#113What is Testcontainers and how does it improve Spring Boot tests?

#114What is Micrometer and how does it integrate with Spring Boot Actuator?

#115How do you implement custom health indicators in Spring Boot?

#116How do you implement distributed tracing in Spring Boot?

#117What is graceful shutdown in Spring Boot and how do you configure it?

#118What is a Filter vs HandlerInterceptor in Spring Boot?

#119What is @ControllerAdvice and how does it work?

#120What is Spring WebFlux and how does it differ from Spring MVC?

#121What is Spring's @Scheduled and how do you configure it?

#122What happens during Spring Boot startup?

#123What is Spring Boot's fat JAR and how is it structured?

#124What is Spring Retry and how do you use it?

#125What is Spring Integration vs Spring Batch?

#126What is @Transactional readOnly = true and what does it optimize?

#127What is the difference between Spring @Repository exception translation and JDBC exceptions?

#128How do you handle file uploads in Spring Boot?

#129What is Spring Cloud and its key components?

#130What is the difference between @Transactional on a class vs a method?

#131What is Spring Boot's connection pool? How do you tune HikariCP?

#132What is Spring Boot's auto-configuration for messaging (RabbitMQ / Kafka)?

#133What is Spring's @Lookup annotation?

#134What is Spring Security's method security and how is it different from URL security?

#135How does Spring Boot handle environment-specific properties?

#136What is the purpose of @EnableJpaAuditing?

#137How do you implement rate limiting in Spring Boot?

#138What is the difference between eager and lazy initialization in Spring Boot?

#139What is Spring Boot's support for caching with Redis?

#140What is Spring Boot's support for MongoDB?

#141What is @Transactional self-invocation problem and how do you fix it?

#142What is the difference between @Valid and @Validated in Spring?

#143What is Spring Boot's support for scheduled tasks with Quartz?

#144What is Spring Data REST and how does it differ from Spring MVC?

#145What is Flyway and how does it integrate with Spring Boot?

#146What is Spring Boot's support for WebSockets?

#147How do you implement a multi-tenant application in Spring Boot?

#148What are Spring Boot's management endpoints and how do you secure them?

#149What is Spring Boot's support for R2DBC (reactive database access)?

#150How do you implement idempotency in Spring Boot APIs?

#151What is Spring Boot's support for virtual threads (Java 21)?

#152What is Spring Boot's Docker image building support?

#153What is GraalVM native image and Spring Boot AOT support?

#154What is the difference between @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment) options?

#155What is Spring Boot's support for SSE (Server-Sent Events)?

#156What is Resilience4j and how does it integrate with Spring Boot?

#157What are best practices for Spring Boot application performance tuning?

#158Explain the CAP theorem.

#159What is consistent hashing and why is it used?

#160What is database sharding and how does it work?

#161Explain cache invalidation strategies.

#162How would you design a URL shortener (like bit.ly)?

#163What is the Saga pattern in microservices?

#164What is CQRS and when should you use it?

#165What are rate limiting algorithms?

#166What is the Circuit Breaker pattern?

#167How do you design for high availability?

#168What is eventual consistency?

#169What is a message queue and when should you use one?

#170What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?

#171How do you handle distributed transactions without 2PC?

#172How would you design a notification system (push, email, SMS)?

#173What is the difference between REST and gRPC?

#174What is the Outbox Pattern?

#175How do you design a distributed cache layer?

#176What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous communication in microservices?

#177How do you design a notification system that sends 100M notifications per day?

#178What are the different types of database indexes and when do you use each?

#179How would you design a URL shortener like bit.ly?

#180What is eventual consistency and how do you handle it in practice?

#181How do you design a search system at scale?

#182What is the difference between optimistic and pessimistic locking?

#183How would you design a real-time leaderboard?

#184What is a write-ahead log (WAL) and how is it used?

#185How do you handle distributed transactions across microservices?

#186How do you design a chat application like WhatsApp?

#187What is a service mesh and when should you use one?

#188How would you design a video streaming platform like YouTube?

#189What is the difference between a load balancer and an API gateway?

#190How do you prevent and handle cascading failures in distributed systems?

#191What is the difference between a message queue and a message broker?

#192How do you design a rate limiter for an API?

#193What is the difference between replication and partitioning in databases?

#194How would you design Twitter's news feed?

#195What is observability and what are its three pillars?

#196How do you implement idempotency in APIs?

#197How would you design a distributed job scheduler?

#198What is the Saga pattern vs 2PC for distributed transactions?

#199How do you design a file storage system like Dropbox?

#200What are the trade-offs of microservices vs monolithic architecture?

#201How does DNS work and how is it used in load balancing?

#202What is the strangler fig pattern?

#203How do you design an e-commerce inventory system that handles flash sales?

#204What is the difference between push and pull architectures for data?

#205How do you design a fraud detection system?

#206What is event sourcing and how does it differ from CRUD?

#207How would you design a geospatial service like Uber's nearby driver system?

#208What is API versioning and what are the different strategies?

#209What is a Bloom filter and where is it used in system design?

#210How do you implement zero-downtime deployments?

#211What is the two-generals problem and what does it tell us about distributed systems?

#212How do you design a payment processing system?

#213How would you design an autocomplete system?

#214What is backpressure and how do you handle it?

#215What is a time-series database and when should you use one?

#216What is a circuit breaker and how do you implement it?

#217How do you handle database migrations safely in production?

#218What is the CQRS pattern?

#219How do you secure an API at the architecture level?

#220What is the difference between synchronous replication and asynchronous replication?

#221How do you design a system for billions of events per day (analytics pipeline)?

#222What is chaos engineering and how do you implement it?

#223What is the database connection pool and how do you tune it?

#224How do you design an access control system?

#225How would you design an online code execution system like LeetCode?

#226How does the request flow work in a typical microservices architecture?

#227What is a hot partition problem and how do you solve it?

#228How do you design a multi-tenant SaaS architecture?

#229What is tail latency and why does it matter?

#230How do you design a global, low-latency key-value store?

#231What is the N+1 query problem and how do you fix it?

#232How would you design a booking system like Airbnb?

#233How do you design a recommendation system?

#234What is the read-your-own-writes consistency guarantee?

#235How do you design a search-as-you-type / typeahead feature?

#236What is the difference between gRPC unary, server streaming, client streaming, and bidirectional streaming?

#237How do you handle large file uploads efficiently?

#238What are the key considerations when designing for high write throughput?

#239What is the difference between monolithic and microservices deployment strategies?

#240How do you design for disaster recovery?

#241What is the thundering herd problem?

#242What is a vector clock and how does it work?

#243What is the difference between a monorepo and polyrepo?

#244How do you ensure data consistency across microservices?

#245What is the difference between a batch job and a stream processing job?

#246How do you design an API for mobile clients vs web clients?

#247What is the role of a message broker in event-driven architecture?

#248How do you approach capacity planning for a new system?

#249What is a consumer group and how does it enable parallelism?

#250Explain Kafka delivery semantics: at-most-once, at-least-once, and exactly-once.

#251How does Kafka ensure message ordering?

#252What are producer acknowledgment settings (acks)?

#253What is log compaction in Kafka?

#254What is Kafka Streams and when would you use it?

#255What is consumer lag and how do you monitor it?

#256How does Kafka differ from RabbitMQ?

#257What is the role of ZooKeeper / KRaft in Kafka?

#258How do you handle large messages in Kafka?

#259What is Kafka Connect?

#260How does Kafka replication work?

#261What is Schema Registry and why is it important?

#262What is the difference between Kafka and RabbitMQ?

#263How do you handle consumer group rebalancing?

#264What is Kafka Streams?

#265What are Kafka transactions and how do they work?

#266What is the difference between at-most-once, at-least-once, and exactly-once delivery?

#267How do you choose the right number of partitions for a Kafka topic?

#268What is KRaft mode in Kafka?

#269What is log compaction in Kafka?

#270How does Kafka handle backpressure?

#271What is the role of the Kafka controller?

#272What is the difference between Kafka producer acks=0, acks=1, and acks=all?

#273How do you monitor Kafka in production?

#274What is a Kafka consumer poll loop?

#275What are Kafka headers and how are they used?

#276What is the consumer group coordinator?

#277How do you implement idempotent consumers with Kafka?

#278What is Kafka's storage architecture?

#279What is consumer lag and how do you manage it?

#280What is the Kafka retention policy and how does it work?

#281How do you handle poison pill messages in Kafka?

#282What is Kafka MirrorMaker 2 and when do you use it?

#283How does Kafka achieve high throughput?

#284What is Kafka's ISR (In-Sync Replicas) and how does it affect durability?

#285What are Kafka Streams stateful operations?

#286What is the difference between Kafka Streams and Apache Flink?

#287How does Kafka handle message ordering?

#288What is Kafka's __consumer_offsets topic?

#289How do you implement a CDC pipeline with Kafka and Debezium?

#290What is the difference between push and pull in Kafka?

#291How do you perform a Kafka cluster rolling restart?

#292What is Kafka consumer group offset management?

#293What is Kafka's batch processing capability?

#294What is the relationship between Kafka partitions and consumers?

#295What is the Kafka producer buffer and how does it affect performance?

#296How does Kafka support exactly-once semantics end to end?

#297What is Kafka's message format / record format?

#298How does Kafka handle broker failure and partition recovery?

#299What is Kafka's wire protocol?

#300What are Kafka consumer interceptors?

#301How do you secure a Kafka cluster?

#302What is Kafka's log segment management?

#303How do you increase the throughput of a Kafka producer?

#304What is the Kafka AdminClient API?

#305What is tiered storage in Kafka?

#306How does Kafka handle time and event-time processing?

#307What is Kafka's producer idempotence?

#308What are the different Kafka message delivery patterns?

#309How do you tune Kafka for low latency?

#310What is Kafka's producer partitioner?

#311What is the Kafka Broker Rack Awareness?

#312How do you handle schema migrations in a Kafka event stream?

#313What are Kafka quotas and how do they work?

#314What is a Kafka topic compaction tombstone?

#315How do you implement a Kafka consumer with Spring Boot?

#316What is the Kafka offset commit semantics?

#317How do you benchmark a Kafka cluster?

#318What is the difference between Kafka and Apache Pulsar?

#319How do you implement a Kafka producer with Spring Boot?

#320What is a Kafka connector and how does it work?

#321What is the Kafka consumer fetch protocol?

#322What is Kafka consumer group rebalance protocol and incremental cooperative rebalancing?

#323What is the Kafka log cleaner and how does compaction work internally?

#324How do you debug Kafka consumer issues?

#325What is Kafka's min.insync.replicas and how does it interact with acks?

#326What is Apache Kafka's role in the data lakehouse architecture?

#327What is the Kafka log flush policy and how does it affect durability?

#328How do you implement a Saga with Kafka?

#329What is the difference between Kafka topic partitions and consumer group partitions?

#330What is Confluent's ksqlDB?

#331What is Kafka's message size limit and how do you handle large messages?

#332What are Kafka producer callbacks and how are they used?

#333How do you implement a Kafka multi-datacenter setup?

#334What is Kafka's leader epoch?

#335What is the high watermark in Kafka?

#336What is a Kafka consumer group's session timeout vs heartbeat interval?

#337What is a Kafka changelog topic in Kafka Streams?

#338What happens when a Kafka broker runs out of disk space?

#339What is Kafka's dynamic configuration and how do you update it?

#340What is the Kafka consumer seek API?

#341How does indexing work in MySQL (InnoDB)?

#342What is a covering index?

#343What are MySQL transaction isolation levels?

#344What is MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control) in InnoDB?

#345How do you use EXPLAIN to analyze a query?

#346What are window functions in SQL?